DBS Surgery vs Levodopa for Parkinson’s Disease
Levodopa replaces dopamine deficiency in Parkinson’s disease by converting to dopamine in the brain, reducing motor symptoms through pharmacological supplementation. Deep brain stimulation delivers continuous electrical impulses to specific basal ganglia...
Brain Aneurysm Warning Signs Before Rupture?
A brain aneurysm is a focal bulge in the wall of a cerebral artery from structural weakness, most commonly at arterial bifurcations in the circle of Willis. Rupture causes subarachnoid haemorrhage with 30-day mortality exceeding 40 percent. Recognising warning signs...
What Is a Brain AVM and How Dangerous Is It?
A brain arteriovenous malformation is an abnormal tangle of blood vessels directly connecting arteries to veins, bypassing the normal capillary network. This creates a high-pressure shunt carrying lifelong rupture risk. Annual rupture risk is approximately two to four...