Brain Arteriovenous Malformation: When to Operate?
Operating on a brain AVM isn’t a reflex it’s a risk calculation. The Spetzler-Martin grade (size, location, venous drainage pattern) anchors the decision, but patient age, neurological status, and prior rupture history all shift the calculus. Not every AVM...
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Symptoms and Surgical Options
Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common focal-onset epilepsy in adults and the most frequent indication for epilepsy surgery worldwide. Up to 40% of patients don’t achieve adequate control on antiepileptic drugs alone. Temporal lobe resection carries the...
What Is the Ketogenic Diet for Epilepsy?
The ketogenic diet shifts the brain’s fuel source from glucose to ketone bodies, reducing seizure frequency. It’s been used in epilepsy management for over a century and remains one of the most evidence-backed non-surgical options for drug-resistant...